The Kuwait-Iraq War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Kuwait-Iraq War - Research Paper Example The reasons which have increased overall acknowledgment are featured and investigated in this paper alongside the astonishing financial and open damages continued by Kuwait during and after the war. The conversation on this Iraqi intrusion additionally rotates around the unfathomably decrying outcomes Kuwait needed to hold up under and the gigantic costs it paid because of this horrendous war. The war didn't decrease all alone after certain months, rather numerous nations needed to step in this basic issue that was quickly gaining out of power. A portion of those nations, the tranquil jobs they played, and the encouraging estimates taken by them to restore the Kuwaiti open likewise structure a piece of the conversation introduced in this paper. 2. Presentation: The Kuwait-Iraq war has been the greatest clash among Iraq and Kuwait yet and depended on a multi month significant stretch that brought about the loss of numerous lives and huge financial emergency. The Iraqi occupation on Ku wait touched off overall judgment because of which Iraq needed to confront a lot of opposition in making Kuwait one of its own states. Clear objection and wrath was appeared by all nations for Iraq and quick expulsion of Iraqi powers was requested. (China-embassy.org, 2004). This ruthless attack was trailed by military mediation by United States. Something else, there appeared to be no limit to the Iraqi attack which procured unlimited oversight over Kuwait compelling the Kuwaiti powers to flee and discover shelter in different nations. The determined activities of Iraq on one hand, and the â€Å"brief and weak resistance† showed by Kuwait’s own powers made Kuwait even more defenseless, which prompted expanded mercilessness rehearsed by the Iraqi powers. (Worldology, 2009). At first, Iraq made a charge on Kuwait that it was wrongfully taking the Iraqi oil saves through inclination penetrating with the goal that it could attack Kuwait. (Patterson, 2010). At that point, gossipy tidbits came up that Iraq out of nowhere took the choice to attack Kuwait since it had no other trust in paying the advance it had recently taken for financing war with Iran. Kuwait is honored with over-profitability of oil and this end up being a charming pleasure for Iraq, which previously required some help from the colossal advance. (Kelly, 2011). Inside a couple of days of the assault, Iraq proclaimed Kuwait to be one of its areas therefore exploiting the frail guard by Kuwait. 3. Monetary and land reasons for the Kuwait-Iraq war: Conflict over the money related obligation of Iraq: Iraq was feeling the squeeze of the gigantic credit it needed to return, which was taken for a really long time war with Iran. An excessive amount of cash and assets had been squandered by Iraq to proceed with the war, so making advance turned into a fundamental stride. The Iraqi president, Hussein, had become too separated strategically and monetarily after war with Iran. (Simon and Harak, n .d.) notice that â€Å"He (Hussein) was somewhere in the range of 60 billion dollars paying off debtors from the war, and the West had removed his credits after he had a British columnist executed as a spy.† This advance turned into a significant obstacle in the way of progress later, because of which Iraq brought oil costs up in request to reimburse the monstrous obligations. Because of this system, Kuwait energetically made strides that guaranteed over-profitability

Personal reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Individual reflection - Essay Example There is a lot of reason that clarify the interminable social issue among espresso ranchers. One of the primary issue is the existent of mediators in the espresso showcase (Francis). They purchase espresso at a low cost and sell at super benefit. What's more, the espresso showcase is constrained by a couple of global organizations that direct the costs of espresso (Francis). Therefore, the rancher has no capacity to control the market, however they are scaled down as value takers. Furthermore, on the grounds that the espresso global need to boost their benefit they purchase espresso seeds at low cost to the inconvenience of espresso ranchers. This clarifies the never-ending circle of destitution among Ethiopian and other African nations that develop espresso (Francis). What's more, since absence of expectation in controlling the poor costs of espresso, the ranchers are going to talk cultivating on the grounds that it pulls in better costs in the nearby market. They contend that the main way out of destitution is to forsake espresso for other rewarding

Essay Topic Examples

Essay Topic ExamplesMost teachers will tell you that writing an essay is like driving a car; the key to effective writing is to find an appropriate essay topic. The essay topic, or the subject of the essay, is the material to be discussed in the essay itself. The point of an essay is to provide information and understanding of a particular topic. You should always try to make your subject of the essay based on some basic idea or topic.Before you begin thinking about how to research the topic, you should write it out. This will help you organize your thoughts. It is usually easiest to think about what to write at the start. Of course, you should not rush into the writing; instead, take it slow and methodical. The more time you take to research and organize your topic, the better your writing will turn out.One of the most important things to remember when writing an essay is to determine the theme. This will serve as a central theme for the entire piece. In other words, you should find out the topic that your reader is interested in. Then, you can begin to use that theme to explain that subject to your reader.When you think about your essay topic, you can also come up with a title or opening paragraph. This will serve as the introductory section of your piece. Once you have decided on a topic, you should select a specific subject for your opening paragraph.Then, you should write as a whole, and you should not split your work up too much; this will ensure that your reader's attention remains on the topic. Make sure that all of your sentences are clear and precise. Make sure that your sentence structure is clear and well-organized.One of the best essay topic examples that you can use is research papers. These are simple essays that deal with research papers. Other great essay topics are those that have to do with scientific research. These are the perfect topic examples because the topic that you choose will probably be something that your readers are interested in .One of the most popular topic examples is political essays. These are always easy to write because it is easier to outline a political piece than it is to really get into a political discussion. However, if you want to write an essay that is completely different from a political piece, you may want to think about writing on a subject that has a little bit of relation to politics, such as world history.It is also easy to write an essay about something that you know a lot about. For example, if you are a salesperson, then you can use the topic of sales to write an essay. If you are a teacher, then you can use the topic of teaching to write an essay. These are just some of the many different topic examples that you can use to guide you in choosing the right topic for your essay.

The Black Panthers For Self Defense - 1649 Words

The Black Panthers, originally named as the Black Panthers for Self-Defense, was an African American revolutionary party that had originated in Oakland, California. It was an organization that was founded by Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. Not only that, but it was also the largest revolutionary organization that had ever existed. Their purpose was to protect fellow African-American residents from mistreatment from the authorities. During the 1960s, racial injust had spreaded throughout the nation and many suffered through economic and social inequality. In addition, this party, or organization, was only active in the United States from 1966 when it was created, up until 1989. Learning about the Black Panthers Party helped us put in perspective the way African Americans had lived during the time of racial prejudice. The topics that we will be focusing on will be about Huey Percy Newton, Bobby Seale and the organization itself, which was the Black Panther Party. Huey Percy Newton was an African- American activist who was credited for finding, or establishing, the Black Panther Party, which was a revolutionary party. Not only being founder of this organization, but he was also a big leading power for this black power movement, created in 1960s. Newton was born on February 17, 1942, in Monroe, Louisiana. Newton’s family had then moved to Oakland, California when he was still a young child, considering the fact that he was the youngest sibling out of seven childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1199 Words   |  5 PagesIn October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense and soon thereafter drafted the Ten Point Platform which drove the ambitions of the party. Each point was meant to rectify one of the oppressive actions suffered by black communities nationwide but all boiled down in to the tenth point: â€Å"We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice.† The platform established the organization as one dedicated to changing the community rather than the systemRead MoreThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1652 Words   |  7 PagesHuey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panthers Party for self-defense. In finding the Black Panther Party, Newton and Seale based the ideas and visions on the works of Malcolm X, a prominent figure in the Civil Rights movement, who had a â€Å"by any means necessary attitude†. â€Å"Malcolm had represented both a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities. Once they created the group Newton and Seale organized a missionRead MoreThe Black Panther Party For Self Defense1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Panther Party for Self-Defense recognized what they needed. They were youthful. They were dark. They couldn t be overlooked. Their ten-point stage was only the start of an exceptional period in the histori cal backdrop of this current country s social liberties development. By 1967 the Black Panthers had set up themselves as a power to be figured with. Theeir thoughts, their plan, their battle for equity for African Americans, put these candid youth on the guide of American legislativeRead MoreEssay on The Black Panther Party for Self Defense 1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Panther Party for Self Defense was the most significant activist group during the Civil Rights Movement Era. It was founded in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in October of 1966. The Black Panthers Party was founded to fight for and protect the rights of African Americans. Believing that the approach Martin Luther King Jr. was expressing would take too long, the approach Black Panther Party took was more along the lines of Malcolm X more aggressive theories ratherRead More The Black Panther Party Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages The Black Panthers aren’t talked about much. The Pant hers had made a huge difference in the civil rights movement. They were not just a Black KKK. They helped revolutionize the thought of African Americans in the U.S. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Black Panther had a huge background of history, goals, and beliefs. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, Ca 1966, founded the Panthers. They were originally as an African American self defense force and were highly influenced by Malcolm X’s ideasRead MoreThe Boycott Of The Montgomery Buses And The Court Case Brown Vs. Board Of Education1609 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar protest were beginning in thirty one cities and seven southern states† (â€Å"The Greensboro Sit-in’s†). Black and white protestors at Woolworth’s in Jackson Mississippi were thrown out of the diners. Although the police arrested over a thousand people, the sit in’s often resulted in success. The 1960’s is where we see the rise of a new group called the Black Panther Party of Self-defense and the change in tactics during protests for African Americans in America. The non-violence led to increasedRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr And The Civil Rights Movement1134 Words   |  5 Pages Panther Power When we think of the Civil Rights Movement, we often think of the most prominent leaders like Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X who’ve surely paved the way for the beginning of the movement. However many times we overlook the ones who aren’t talked about in the classrooms during Black History Month, or when we’re discussing the Civil Rights Movement. In response, I dedicate my paper on an African-American Organization to those who promoted the freedom and rights of BlackRead MoreThe Black Panthers1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Panthers [also known as] (The Black Panther Party for Self Defense) was a Black Nationalist organization in the United States that formed in the late 1960s and became nationally renowned. (Wikipedia:The Free Encyclopedia, 1997). The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixtiesRead More Black Panther Party Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves from control and oppression. It was because of this that 25 year old Huey Newton and 30 year old Bobby Seale founded The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in October 1966, in Oakland, California. The party was inspired by revolutionaries such as Mao Tse-tung and Malcolm X. Malcolm had represented a militant revolutionary, with the dignity and self-respect to stand up and fight to win equality for all oppressed minorities. Influenced by the teachings of Maos Red Book the organizationRead More The Black Panthers Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in the city of Oakland, California. The party was established to help further the movement for African American liberation, which was growing rapidly throughout the sixties because of the civil rights movement and the work of Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King. The Party disembodied itself from the non-violence stance of Dr. King and chose to organize around a platform for â€Å"self-defense†, (which later

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world has always been that they presuppose faith; that is one cannot be reasoned into believing in a religion, if such was not the case then we would have seen a huge migration to one religion or another. In any given religion, the main proof†¦show more content†¦From that single observation he deduces a rule that he will build his entire argument upon. Descartes notices that the idea of his existence is very clear and distinct in his mind; based upon this clarity, and the fact that he has just determined his own existence, he infers that the things that he sees as very clear and very distinct are all true. Descartes employs another interesting rule for his logic, or way of thinking: an objective reality cannot exist without formal reality. That is to say that an idea cannot originate without a cause. The ideas can be less perfect than their cause, but they cannot be more perfect. He also explains that those ideas in us that apparently do not have formal reality, such as a mermaid, are merely combinations of other formal realities- in this case a woman and a mermaid -- and thus do not invalidate the rule. Descartes also explains the difference between being an idea and being merely an opposite of an idea. He uses heat and cold as his example; whereas heat is an idea, cold is simply non-existence of heat. That is a very important idea that he uses in his argument to exclude a potential critique of his argument. Descartes, after establishing his rules, explains that he knows that he is not perfect. He knows that b ecause he doubts, and he can clearly see that knowing is more perfect than doubting. From that he determines that within him liesShow MoreRelatedDescartes Proof Of The Existence Of God1609 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ideas upon which Descartes’s proof of the existence of God rests is that rational minds face constraints. While God is the absolute infinite, humans and other beings exist with limitations on their actions. One of these limitations is human intellect, which Descartes names as one component of the cause of our tendency toward error as humans. The finite nature of human intellect, he argues, combines with an infinite will which causes us to seek an understanding of phenomenaRead MoreEssay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God1543 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay3414 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Many readers follow Descartes with fascination and pleasure as he descends into the pit of skepticism in the first two Meditations, defeats the skeptics by finding the a version of the cogito, his nature, and that of bodies, only to find them selves baffled and repulsed when they come to his proof for the existence of God in Meditation III. In large measure this change of attitude results from a number of factors. One is that the proof is complicatedRead MoreDescartes First Proof of The Existence of God Essays1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes believed that God exists. His proof of an all perfect being’s existence was explained by having an idea of God that had to have been caused by God. But simply having an idea of God is not enough for there to necessarily exist such a being. This paper will critically examine Descartes’s causal argument though its premises and conclusion. Descartes makes an attempt to prove God’s existence throughout his third meditation. In his first premise he statesRead MoreComparing Socrates And Descartes On The Proof Of Existence Of God1759 Words   |  8 PagesComparison between Socrates and Descartes on the proof of existence of God. Socrates is who established ancient philosophy with Plato and Aristotle. His philosophy effects Western system of philosophy. He was born BC 470 in Athens and his father was a sculptor and his mother was midwife. He focuses teaching other people that philosophical argument in his life. He doesn’t want material for teaching because he doesn’t have material greed. His goals are verifying the oracle, question our belief, andRead MoreDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three This paper is intended to explain and evaluate Descartes proof for the existence of god in Meditation Three. It shall show the weaknesses in the proof, but also give credit to the strengths in his proof. It will give a background of what Descartes has already accepted as what he truly knows. The paper will also state Descartes two major points for the existence of God and why the points can easily be proven false. The paper willRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Instructions: First: Analyze and evaluate the two proofs of Gods existence. How are they different? Is one more convincing than the other? Why did Descartes think he needed two proofs? Do they do different work for him? And secondly: Does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us with

Public Safety Is More Refined, And Strategies Of...

Today, public safety is more refined, and strategies of communication are a lot quicker. Law enforcement tools have evolved from posters to police radio, patrol cars and social networks, like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Social networking has quickly become a valuable intelligence-gathering tool for law enforcement agencies, also as a supply of proof for defense and prosecution personnel who search Facebook pages, Twitter feeds or YouTube videos seeking to discredit witnesses, establish enforcement bias, hunt proof or establish associations between gang members (Perry, 2014). Some enforcement employees, notably those accustomed to the use of social media frequently communicate with friends or family, typically post material with very little or no thought as to whom could have access to it or how it should be shared. Inappropriate or careless postings on social media sites will impact an agency negatively in many ways. An employee’s statements concerning coworkers as well as the departmental leadership will produce dissension within the work, inappropriate communication, or harm a law enforcement agency’s relationship with the diverse community it serves (Perry, 2014). Police officers usually possess a personal phone while on duty, permitting them to access websites, to send and receive non-public e-mail, and to exchange text messages with their friends and coworkers. Officers are embarrassed and disciplined for making inappropriate social net sites and sending messagesShow MoreRelatedPr Professionals : The Global Market980 Words   |  4 Pagesabout reputed and veteran PR firms who know the ropes of the state-run media and regulated markets. Government affairs always intertwine with PR, so PR strategies must adapt to this fact. PR work is as much a relationship with the government as it is with the people. One of the worst things a western PR firm is port their western marketing strategies into China. This is because of many cultural and political differences, many of which can create many a faux pas that could damage Chinese perceptionRead MorePOG Premium Oil and Gas1739 Words   |  7 Pagescountries and is best known to the general public through its 25,000 service stations. POG’s main activities are the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas, together with the marketing, supply and transportation of these products. The company earns revenues of around  £100 billion per annum based on its daily production of two million barrels of crude oil and eight billion cubic feet of natural gas, plus daily sales of six million barrels of refined products. Over 90 per cent of POG’sRead MoreFinancial Position Of Thai Oil Company Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagessame period of the previous year s level of 936,400 barrels per day since in 2015 had no annual shutdown maintenance of the refinery like last year (2014). The comparison of the same proportion, considering the amount of refinery, the company has refined to produce as the highest proportion in the country, which accounted for 27 percent of the total volume of the country s refining. 2. Statements of financial position of Thai Oil Company The financial condition of Thai Oil and its subsidiariesRead MoreThe Critical Success Factor Of British Petroleum1562 Words   |  7 Pageson the safety issues presented in the 2004 Telos Group report coupled with the oversight and control to correct safety hazards, the Texas plant experienced a disastrous fire and explosion killing 15 workers and injuring 180 other personnel as stated by Halbert and Ingulli (2012, pg. 185) An investigation by the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board released a report in 2007 that revealed process safety leadership issues starting with senior management as well as disregarding safety concernsRead MoreEmotional, The, And The Modal Model Of Emotion1566 Words   |  7 Pagesit is important to understand how these responses allow cause some emotions to be more prominent than others in a situation. This model helped to conceptualise the process emotions are regulated by (Gross, 2007). Gross, (2001) argued that his ‘Modal Model’ of emotion generation creates five opportunities for emotional regulation. These are referred to as emotional regulation strategies; a situation selection strategy is when an individual directly affects the situation by taking action to promoteRead MoreTaking a Look at the Ribena Controversy1545 Words   |  6 Pagesdied down but Ribena’s â€Å"breach of trust† is still in the mind of Australasian consumers. Ribena sales dropped by 12%. By this time, Ribena and parent company GSK should have realized that their system have weak spots that needs to be analysed and refined not only to prevent a similar crisis from happening again, but also to assure stakeholders that GSK is putting in the effort needed to continually improve. Clearly this did not happen given the fact that similar crises (e.g. 2012 Paxil fraud settlementRead Mor ePublic Sector Organizational Theory ( Postmodernism )1630 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Sector Organizational Theory Introduction This essay compares and contrasts the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches to management. It focuses on how these approaches are similar and compatible and looks at their differences and incompatibilities. It then explores how systems theory and contingency theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. The question of authority in public administration has historically been a tacit one framed in terms of the public administrationRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Second Amendment2282 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship police officers have within the communities they serve are important aspects of maintaining public safety and order. However, this relationship has been tested as a result of long-standing problems with racial bias and discrimination. Furthermore, the police have used race as justification to make traffic stops and profile individuals. Policies such as the war on drugs have further eroded the public’s trust in law enforcement as these policies disproportionately negatively impactRead MoreMarketing Plan for General Electric2949 Words   |  12 Pages cooking fires are the #1 cause of home fires and home fire injuries resulting in hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars of damage each year. With such troubling reports kitchen safety has become increasingly important to consumers. In order to demonstrate commitment to consumer safety General Electric is pleased to introduce its latest innovation in cooking products development - the GE Cook Alert. GE is committed into achieving leadership by developing global technical capabilitiesRead MoreLeadership At Griffith As A Senior Academic1841 Words   |  8 Pages180 research outputs, including 18 A* and A journal publications and 5 books with major academic publishers. High impact journals I have published in include; The Leadership Quarterly, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Human Relations, Public Administration Review, Journal of Business Ethics, Management Learning, and the Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology. Qualitative assessments of impacts of my research program are important. I have been very fortunate that scholars writing in quality

Parable of the Cave Essay Example For Students

Parable of the Cave Essay There were once two small children in a secluded area, only described as dark and desolate. These two small children, a boy and a girl, neither could see, nor feel anything outside of this desolate area. The two were trying to describe what the after life would be like. The two disagreed and had contrasting arguments towards what it would be like. The girl argued, we will be in a place better than this, in which we can experience feeling, emotiion and sight. She went on to say that the next realm from this secluded, emotionless area is an area much brighter in which they will experience the light of the outside rather than the darkness of this secluded place. The boy, in contrast, argued, no, we will stay in this state for all eternity. We will never be able to leave this place. There is no sich thing as feeling, no such thing as light. The two children continue to argue against each other and try to justify their arguments, but fails to convince the other they are right. Suddenly, the two both see an overcoming sense of sight and see nothing but a blinding white light. It has now been established that the two were twin babies inside the womb just being born. The two were arguing where they would go after the womb. This story goes to show that there is no prediction of what the next realm would be past this physical world, let alone the overall truth of any matter. Similiarly, the Allegory of the Cave from Plato shows the uncertainty of the overall truth of anything unless going through the necessary steps. The prisoners of the Cave could only see the shadows on the wall from the fire and the objects on top of the building in front of the fire. What they observed (sense perception) from the shadows on the wall based their opinions of light and their perception (beliefs) of the truth of the matter. But once they reached to the outside of the cave and saw a new light, they saw the overall truth of shadows and perceptions of light (understanding and reasoning). At the same time, the children of the first story could barely observe their dark surrounding and only had a sense of hearing and feeling to a small extent. Based on their limited senses, they developed different opinions of their enviornments and developed different beliefs, one believing in an outside world and another believing in the same eternal state. When the boy and the girl see the blinding light and coming out of the womb, the story ends, and the reader is lefft to believe that the understanding of the world has changed for both of them and they have found an overall truth of it. I had heard this story while in a religious education class, in which the curriculum was to teach the students the divinity of the afterlife and how it is something beyond our understanding. Yet when hearing the talks between Socrates and Glaucon in the Allegory of the Cave, I could not help but see a similiarity between the two stories. Although the morals of the first story was that the afterlife is extremely divine, another understanding of this story showed that humans understanding of anything in particular is always opinionated and divided based on ones beliefs, morals and ways of thinking and that everyone will see the overall truth of any matter after going through the steps of understanding, explained in the Allegory of the Cave.

Canterbury Tales - A Character Sketch Of Chaucers Knight Essays

Canterbury Tales - A Character Sketch of Chaucer's Knight Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, written in approximately 1385, is a collection of twenty-four stories ostensibly told by various people who are going on a religious pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral from London, England. Prior to the actual tales, however, Chaucer offers the reader a glimpse of fourteenth century life by way of what he refers to as a General Prologue. In this prologue, Chaucer introduces all of the characters who are involved in this imaginary journey and who will tell the tales. Among the characters included in this introductory section is a knight. Chaucer initially refers to the knight as "a most distinguished man" (l. 43) and, indeed, his sketch of the knight is highly complimentary. The knight, Chaucer tells us, "possessed/Fine horses, but he was not gaily dressed" (ll. 69-70). Indeed, the knight is dressed in a common shirt which is stained "where his armor had left mark" (l. 72). That is, the knight is "just home from service" (l. 73) and is in such a hurry to go on his pilgrimage that he has not even paused before beginning it to change his clothes. The knight has had a very busy life as his fighting career has taken him to a great many places. He has seen military service in Egypt, Lithuania, Prussia, Russia, Spain, North Africa, and Asia Minor where he "was of [great] value in all eyes (l. 63). Even though he has had a very successful and busy career, he is extremely humble: Chaucer maintains that he is "modest as a maid" (l. 65). Moreover, he has never said a rude thing to anyone in his entire life (cf., ll. 66-7). Clearly, the knight possesses an outstanding character. Chaucer gives to the knight one of the more flattering descriptions in the General Prologue. The knight can do no wrong: he is an outstanding warrior who has fought for the true faith--according to Chaucer--on three continents. In the midst of all this contenton, however, the knight remains modest and polite. The knight is the embodiment of the chivalric code: he is devout and courteous off the battlefield and is bold and fearless on it. In twentieth century America, we would like to think that we have many people in our society who are like Chaucer's knight. During this nation's altercation with Iraq in 1991, the concept of the modest but effective soldier captured the imagination of the country. Indeed, the nation's journalists in many ways attempted to make General H. Norman Schwarzkof a latter day knight. The general was made to appear as a fearless leader who really was a regular guy under the uniform. It would be nice to think that a person such as the knight could exist in the twentieth century. The fact of the matter is that it is unlikely that people such as the knight existed even in the fourteenth century. As he does with all of his characters, Chaucer is producing a stereotype in creating the knight. As noted above, Chaucer, in describing the knight, is describing a chivalric ideal. The history of the Middle Ages demonstrates that this ideal rarely was manifested in actual conduct. Nevertheless, in his description of the knight, Chaucer shows the reader the possibility of the chivalric way of life. how the hell do you work this thing?

Strategic Management and Business Policy - Guajilote Cooperativo Forestal

Strategic Management and Business Policy - Guajilote Cooperativo Forestal Guajilote was founded in 1991 as a component of aUSAID (United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment) project. The project attempted to develop LaMuralla National park as an administrative andsocioeconomic model that COHDEFOR (the Honduranforestry development service) could transfer to Honduras'other national parks. The Guajilote Cooperativo Forestalwas given the right to exploit naturally fallen (not choppeddown) mahogany trees in La Muralla's buffer zone. Abuffer zone was the designated area within a park'sboundaries, but outside its core protected zone. People wereallowed to live and engage in economically sustainableactivities within this buffer zone. Guajilote in 1998 wasfacing some important issues and concerns which couldeffect not only its future growth, but also its very survival.Careful planning is essential for any successfulbusiness venture. The centerpiece is a well thought outbusiness plan. A solid business plan describes who you are,how you will do it, your capaci ty to do it, and the financialresources necessary to carry it out.SWOT analysis diagram in German language.A well written plan willserve as a guide through the start up phase of the business.It can also measure benchmarks to measure theperformance of your business venture in comparison toexpectations and industry standards. A good business planwill assist in attracting necessary financing.Guajilote Cooperativo Forestal a cooperative inHonduran provinces started out unprofessionally as abusiness venture. The lack of education by the leaders ofthe organization and the worker's has gotten their businessoff to a slow start. The poor community which is lacking inresources and knowledge of the quality of their producthasn't made for a solid business plan. They are unable tomake benchmarks to measure the performance over theyears. No one has offered to assist in any...

Left Bank Group Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Left Bank Group Analysis - Research Paper Example Likewise, as with many movements, the New Wave movement was something of a conscious rejection with regards to the subject matter, stylistics, self-actualization, and experimentation that seemed to be so devoid in the periods prior to the development and nominal success that the New Wave movement was ultimately able to engender. Furthermore, like so many other artistic movements throughout history, the full scope of the importance contributions that the New Wave movement brought to cinematography filmmaking were of course not realized completely or appreciated accordingly during the time that they were being developed. Nevertheless, although many aspects of the New Wave movement were so experimental that they existed only within the confines of the current time in which they were developed, many of the experimental techniques and new ideas with which these filmmakers sought to integrate continue to have found measurable effect on some talk to the current Europe. Accordingly, this bri ef analysis will seek to understand, identify, and draw inference on the means by which one such group of influential French filmmakers from this New Wave movement contributed to a more complete and nuanced understanding of filmmaking is the hope of this author that such an analysis will engage the reader with the lasting importance that this group of film makers continues to exhibit. As such, the group to be analyzed will be that which was dubbed â€Å"Left Bank†. ... nown, were referred to as the Right Bank; likewise, the group of filmmakers which will be analyzed herein came to be known as the Left Bank (Reeder 63). This was not only a reference to the geographical meaning of where these individuals hailed from within Paris, but also a thinly veiled allusion to the political views espoused by the latter group. One of the greatest differentials came to be seen between the right bank as compared to the Left Bank directors was with regards to the level and approach that these Left Bank directors viewed the relationship between cinema and art. Whereas more traditional numbers of the New Wave movement saw literature and other art forms distinctly separate from cinematography, the Left Bank directors saw them as one and the same attempt to incorporate many of the avant garde and cutting edge techniques and ideas that were being pioneered within the art world within the cinematography that they created (Schwartz 147). However, as much as one might seek to distinguish the Left Bank New Wave filmmakers from their other counterparts within the New Wave movement, the reality of the situation was that they were oftentimes almost identical with regards to the approach to cinematography that they made. In reality, both schools of thought sought integrate a high level of modernism within current cinematography; the only means differential and/or to supreme that existed with regards to this modernism was where the inspiration for it could ultimately be drawn. To the Left Bank filmmakers, this inspiration was available from both existing and previous arts. Regardless of the level to which critics may seek to portray these groups as being in opposition to one another, the fact of the matter is that there was never any ill will between either the

Breaking the Cultural Barrier to Medicine Essay

Breaking the Cultural Barrier to Medicine - Essay Example As a compliment to that effort, we need to address our state grants to achieve that goal. Our higher educational institutions need to address this problem by establishing new educational programs, increasing cultural competence, and recruiting for diversity. Health care cultural competency begins with communication. Communication is more than simply knowing the language. Health seeking behaviors are affected by cultural mores and University cultural educational programs should focus on acquiring skills that can elicit the patient's response and define the illness and treatment within their social context (Kirpalani et al. 2006 p.1116). This should also be applied to patients who have limited literacy as these patients usually have less awareness of disease management (Frist 2005 p.447). A grant to establish a course curriculum in diversity communication is a necessary first step to reducing the disparity in the health of our citizens. These skills moderate the patient's participation in medical decisions and treatment. Communication is more than simply learning the language and the medical terminology. Communication must be culture based. University educational programs that address cultural sensitivity to assure that the caregiver is adequately communicating within the patient's cultural context are imperative. Grants are required to establish a curriculum that would relate the attitudes that ethnic populations may have in respect to illness, medicine, and surgery. Failure to understand the cultural context of minority medicine can result in a perception of insensitivity. A patient who feels like they are being treated unfairly will be less prone to seek treatment. A course in cultural communication could alleviate many communication problems. Grants should also be directed towards diseases that have been identified as minority prevalent. The addition of a University course relating the strategies designed to reduce risk among minority populations is needed. Cardiovascular disease in the Arabic and Farsi speaking communities and Sickle-cell disease among African-Americans are two examples. Because studies have indicated that genetics are involved in some health related issues between racial and ethnic groups, training that focuses on recognition of the problem is essential (McBride 2005 p. 181). By recognizing ethnic trends in disease prevalence, caregivers can design programs for early intervention and develop appropriate pharmaceutical requirements. Medical school should also include training on the appropriate handling of the issue of death and dying within different cultures. Knowing the role of privacy and the perception of bad news can prolong patient survival. According to Misra-Hebert (2003), "People in many cultures believe that informing the patient of a terminal diagnosis may hasten death" (p.298). A cultural sensitivity to this issue would also include an awareness of the cultural issues that surround the care of the dying as well as the expression of grief. University medical schools require grants to initiate a curriculum that addresses death and dying in diverse cultures. Adequate cultural competency would necessitate the inclusion of the awareness of this issue. State grants should also

Social interaction and the Internet in Asia Essay Example for Free

Social interaction and the Internet in Asia Essay The abstract is excellently presented, and sheds the light onto the study purpose. The author used the abstract to briefly justify the choice of the research country (Singapore). Introduction In the introduction, the author justified the need for such research by the fact that â€Å"little empirical research had been done outside of Europe and the USA†. The author has clearly identified the aim of the research in the form of a question: â€Å"what is the Internet usage pattern of young Singaporeans and what is the extent of its impact on their social lives? † Literature review The author did not perform a detailed literature review due to the absence of sufficient relevant literary sources related to the topic of research. The author summarised the results of the previous studies to create the relevant theoretical basis for her research. Research question The author was not very specific in determining the research question. She limited her study by investigating the social interactions between young Singaporeans and the impact of Internet upon their socialisation. Trying to be very specific, the author suggested that it would be interesting to research, whether young Singaporeans preferred Internet socialisation to traditional means of social interaction. Methodology The author did not create any clear hypotheses, and did not predict any possible research outcomes. The choice of respondents was mainly based on their age (between 15 and 30), without any specific attention to their gender or social position. However, it was important that all of them studied in Universities and were provided with individual Internet accounts. The author used questionnaires which are traditional methods of qualitative analysis. Findings Research findings were presented in qualitative and quantitative form. The author did not mention any significant problems encountered in analysing and evaluating the research findings. The author did not perform profound statistical analysis, but used simple mathematical interpretations of her results as the basis for qualitative research. By quoting interviews with several research participants, the author of the article significantly increased the relevance of the research results. References All in-text citations were referenced in bibliography. The reference list mainly included primary sources, among which previous researches in the area of Internet and communication prevailed. Summary The analysed study is the excellent basis for the further research in the area of communication and social sciences. The article determines the future directions in investigating the socialisation processes under the impact of Internet technologies. New for old? Converging media and e-mail practices in the workplace Abstract The aim of the discussed research was to investigate the impact of e-mail applications on the workplace practices through the three different perspectives: â€Å"e-mail as a medium, e-mail as a set of practices, and e-mail as speech versus writing† (Yell, 2003). The author used the abstract to create the system of questions, which had to be answered during the research process. Introduction The topic of the research was excellently specified in the introduction, and was not too broad. The author also delineated specific theories, on which the research had to be based (Bourdieu’s concepts of dispositions and the habitus, and Schirato and Yell’s concept of cultural literacy). Literature review The author did not use any formal framework for literature review. Moreover, the article lacked any theoretical justification of the study. A separate â€Å"background† chapter provided the reader only with a surface understanding of the research topic, and was not referred to any significant theoretical perspectives. Research question The researcher sought to identify, what means research participants would choose to fulfill a range of tasks and to communicate at workplace. The author has clearly determined the research question and narrowed her research as determined in the article’s abstract. Methodology The methods of the research were clearly identified in the background section of the article: the use of interviews had to ensure validity of research findings, but could potentially decrease the generalisability of research results. The age of participants was between 30 and 65, and they were asked to describe their communication and work preferences in terms of emails or other communication strategies. The author did not conceal statistical insignificance of the research sample, and has concentrated upon determining qualitative tendencies and validity of the communication choices made by participants. Findings Yell (2003) presented research findings in the form of qualitative assessment. The use of tables was called for increasing the generalisability of interviews, but the author did not specify whether she had encountered any significant problems in evaluating the research results. The discussion section of the research was presented in the form of several small chapters, with each devoted to a separate research perspective. There is no reason to doubt the validity and reliability of research findings due to the fact that interviews are relatively unbiased tools of qualitative research. The author constantly linked research findings to the theoretical perspectives identified in the introduction, which made the discussion relevant and theoretically justified. References All in-text citations were included into the list of references at the end of the article. Summary Despite the lack of theoretical basis, the author performed profound research of the communication preferences among workers. The results of the study can be further refined by linking them to certain theoretical perspective. The researcher has generalised the research findings and pointed out the most important aspects of the study, without shedding the light onto potential applications of the research results. The author has identified important contradictions in describing e-mail as homogeneous medium, and has suggested that e-mail had to be analysed from multiple perspectives. Organisational communication satisfaction in the virtual workplace Abstract The abstract was excellently structured. It served a brief summary of the research, research findings, implications, and controversies. Introduction The authors did not elaborate on theoretical or practical research implications in the introduction; the introduction served a brief summary of the similar research works. The potential challenges of the virtual workplace were identified and analysed in a separate section of the paper. Literature review The author did not perform any formal literature review. The authors did not make any predictions or suggestions towards the future research outcomes, but identified the set of variables drawn from the previous surveys. That set of variables was later used to analyse and interpret the research findings. Research question The authors determined the research question in the article’s abstract: â€Å"to compare the levels of communication satisfaction between virtual workplace and traditional employers in a single firm. † This research question was later analysed through the pre-determined set of variables. Methodology Akkirman and Harris used the set of hypotheses based on the previous studies and the research survey conducted â€Å"in the Turkish subsidiary of an international company based in Germany†. The distinguishing feature of the research article was in that the authors had identified the exact set of variables closely tied to their hypotheses: communication climate, organisational integration, etc. (Akkirman Harris, 2005). Findings The research findings were presented in quantitative form, in the form of tables, and statistical analysis. The results were assessed in a concise and organised manner, with each variable discussed and evaluated separately. In this manner, the researchers have explained each variable identified in the research methodology section. References The reference list included all in-text citations, as well as the Appendix with the research survey questionnaire. This questionnaire helped objectively evaluate the relevance and validity of survey results. Summary The advantageous feature of the article is in the fact that the researchers discussed and evaluated the research results in the structured form: implications and limitations of the research were also analysed. As the results of the research were contrary to the majority of previous studies, the authors emphasised the most important variables to be researched in the future studies (the role of transition and support in the level of satisfaction among virtual office workers). The authors of the article summarised their findings in conclusion, but did not identify any problems or biases they faced during the research and evaluation process. Intercultural communication competence and managerial functions within the Australian hospitality industry Abstract The abstract was brief and written in concise manner. The authors briefly delineated major theoretical foundations of the future research. Introduction The aim of the research was very clearly identified in the introductory section of the article. The authors defined the major terms to be used in the study, making the research clear and understandable to the reader. Literature review The theoretical perspectives constituted the significant portion of the article, and initially made it difficult to identify the major theoretical directions which were used in the research. It seems that the authors have gathered all information available on the topic, without specifying the most important data, and the exact theoretical basis of research. Theoretical background of intercultural communication was presented from different perspectives (cultural, psychological, anthropological, etc. ), which have created a confused theoretical image of the study. Ultimately, the researchers neither made theoretical predictions, nor drew hypotheses from previous studies. Research question The authors of the research sought to consider the nature of intercultural communication competence in the Australian hospitality industry. Methodology The authors have limited their research methodology to in-depth analysis of interviews and organisational documentation, ethnomethodology, and historical analysis. In addition, the authors did not inform the readers about the number and characteristics of the research sample. A number of important research variables were identified only in the section devoted to the discussion of interpretive findings. Findings The research findings were interpreted through the prism of qualitative analysis, but as no data on the research sample was available, it was difficult to evaluate the validity and reliability of the research results. It should be pointed out that the authors have discussed implications of their research for management training. Those implications could make their research results applicable, if their validity could be objectively assessed. The conclusion of the article was aimed at summarising the major research findings, and emphasising the limitations of the study: â€Å"the Australian hospitality managers in this study were found to have shortcomings in their ability to apply intercultural communication competence to key managerial functions† (Saunders Sauee, 2000). References All in-text citations were referenced in bibliography. The authors listed all literature sources in alphabetical order. Summary The research could create solid basis for future practical investigations if the theoretical perspectives were clearer. Research findings suggested that intercultural communication in the hospitality industry should be linked to a single theoretical perspective, that could make future researches more transparent and theoretically justified. Organisational websites. How and how well do they communicate? Abstract The author of the research used the abstract to determine the aim of the study, and to briefly justify the need for such research. The author also suggested the need to perform further sophisticated analysis of Websites and communication challenges they face. Introduction The particularity of the discussed research is in the fact that it has appeared too personalised from the very beginning: The author initially turned it into a form of narration, which could be understandable even to a non-professional reader. Literature review The author did not perform any literature review; consequentially, the research findings could hardly be tied to any theoretical perspectives. Research question The author has expressed the research purpose in the form of a question: â€Å"how are websites currently being described and analysed, particularly by researchers? † The author has clearly underlined the criteria for choosing the research information, which ultimately served the research sample. That search was limited to formal business and general websites (Durham, 2000). Methodology The article did not have any separate section devoted to the discussion of the research methodology. As a result, the reader (either professional or non-professional) could not clearly understand how the research was conducted. It is implied that the author of the article used qualitative analysis. However, as the exact methodology of the research was not explained, it was impossible to draw any conclusions as for the validity and reliability of the research findings. Findings The research findings lacked relevant theoretical basis and could hardly be systematised. Later in the article, the author recognised the lack of theoretical frameworks, but the research could significantly benefit of a separate section devoted to literature review. References The author has included the long list of literary sources, used in the research. The author utilised both primary and secondary sources of scientific information related to the research topic. Summary The research conclusion was brief, and was also written in the simple (and rather vague) form, which is not characteristic of the majority of scientific works in the area of communication strategies. â€Å"The overview of current work suggests rich areas for future research: site macrostructure, navigation and issues of intertextuality via the linkages made, etc† – the list of those suggestions was useful for the future studies. Due to the evident lack of theoretical basis, the discussed research looked as a system of practical suggestions, which might become the starting point in the creation of the valid theoretical structure in the area of communicational strategies. References Akkirman, AD Harris, DL 2005, Organisational communication satisfaction in the virtual workplace, Journal of Management Development, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 397-409. Durham, M 2000, Organisational websites. How and how well do they communicate? Australian Journal of Communication, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1-14. Frey, LR, Bolan, Carl H, Fredman, PG Krep, GL 1992, Interpreting communication research: a case study approach, Prentice Hall, pp. 15-19. Goby, VP 2000, Social interaction and the Internet in Asia, A study of young Singaporeans, Australian Journal of Communication, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 79-90. Saunders, S Saee, J 2000, Intercultural communication competence and managerial functions within the Australian hospitality industry, Australian Journal of Communication, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 111-128. Yell, S 2003, New for old? Converging media and e-mail practices in the workplace, Australian Journal of Communication, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 93-107.

Barriers to Effective Communication :: Functions of Communication

There are a wide number of sources of noise or interference that can enter into the communication process. This can occur when people now each other very well and should understand the sources of error. In a work setting, it is even more common since interactions involve people who not only don't have years of experience with each other, but communication is complicated by the complex and often conflictual relationships that exist at work. In a work setting, the following suggests a number of sources of noise: Language: The choice of words or language in which a sender encodes a message will influence the quality of communication. Because language is a symbolic representation of a phenomenon, room for interpreation and distortion of the meaning exists. In the above example, the Boss uses language (this is the third day you've missed) that is likely to convey far more than objective information. To Terry it conveys indifference to her medical problems. Note that the same words will be interpreted different by each different person. Meaning has to be given to words and many factors affect how an individual will attribute meaning to particular words. It is important to note that no two people will attribute the exact same meaning to the same words. defensiveness, distorted perceptions, guilt, project, transference, distortions from the past misreading of body language, tone and other non-verbal forms of communication (see section below) noisy transmission (unreliable messages, inconsistency) receiver distortion: selective hearing, ignoring non-verbal cues power struggles self-fulfilling assupmtions language-different levels of meaning managers hesitation to be candid assumptions-eg. assuming others see situation same as you, has same feelings as you distrusted source, erroneous translation, value judgment, state of mind of two people Perceptual Biases: People attend to stimuli in the environment in very different ways. We each have shortcuts that we use to organize data. Invariably, these shortcuts introduce some biases into communication. Some of these shortcuts include stereotyping, projection, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Stereotyping is one of the most common. This is when we assume that the other person has certain characteristics based on the group to which they belong without validating that they in fact have these characteristics.

Google Globalization Essay

Globalization has completely altered the way in which the world operates. The barriers that once hindered our ability to communicate and interact with people across the world have diminished. Globalization has become ingrained in all fields: business, government, economic, social. Google began in 1996 as a project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Larry and Sergey were both studying at Stanford University California. In their research project they came up with a plan to make a search engine that ranked websites according to the number of other websites that linked to that site (and ultimately came up with the Google we have today). Before Google, search engines had ranked sites simply by the number of times the search term searched for appeared on the webpage, and the duo set out to make a more â€Å"aware† search engine.†¨ The domain google.com was registered on September 14th 1997 and Google Corporation was formed a year later in September 1998.†¨ Google started selling advertisements with its keyword searches in 2000, and so Google Adwords/Adsense was born. These advertisements used a system based on the pretence that you only paid for your advertising if some clicked on your ad link – hence the term Pay Per Click (PPC) was born. The term PageRank was patented in September 2001 – this term is actually named after co-founder Larry Page and not, as some think, named because it is the rank of a page (webpage).†¨ Also in 2001 co-founder Larry Page stood down as the CEO of Google and former CEO of Novel. Eric Schmidt. was appointed as the new CEO of Google.†¨ Google moved its offices to its large Google estate (nicknamed GooglePlex) in Mountainview California in 2003, and is still based there today.

Writing a First-Class Book Report

Compared with many other academic assignments, writing a book report doesn’t look like much. How difficult it may be – just read the book, then write about what it was like. Right? Wrong. This approach may be more or less appropriate in primary school, but it would certainly look utterly ridiculous in college. If you are going to be serious about it, you have to follow a pattern – and this guide is here to provide you with it. Book Report and Book Review: What Is the Difference and What Am I Writing? First of all, you should make sure you understand correctly what is expected of you. The terms â€Å"book review† and â€Å"book report† are often used interchangeable despite having different meanings; in addition to that, both of them can be understood differently depending on your academic level. Basically, the difference is as follows: Book report is a relatively short and simple description of the book. You give its title and the year of publication, name the author and provide some background information about him/her (year and place of birth, schools he/she attended, what family he/she had, marital status, occupation, significant life events, other notable works, etc.). Then you go on summarizing the plot of the book in a few paragraphs. Sometimes you may be asked to outline the themes and symbols relevant for the story, but not always. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CGNAujYHcw Book review is a much more serious affair. It is a critical and/or analytical evaluation of the text in question. It may contain the story’s summary (although sometimes it is assumed that readers are already familiar with it), but it is far from being the most important part of it. Review is first and foremost a commentary or argument – you are expected to express your own opinion, agreement or disagreement with the author, your evaluation of the work: where it hits the mark and where it is deficient. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UW5NL6Tb7PY However, this division is often vague, and some people, even teachers and professors, don’t differentiate between them at all. Book reports either acquire traits of reviews or these two terms are used synonymously. Alternatively, it is sometimes said that a book report should be an objective presentation of the book and analysis of its structure, while a book review should present a critical analysis and evaluation. The point we are trying to drive home is this: consult your teacher or professor before writing and make sure both of you understand the assignment in the same way. For the sake of completeness, this guide will cover all potential parts of this assignment. Before Writing In order to write a book review or report, first you have to read the book in question. It may sound self-evident, but if a book is given to you as a part of a course, and you don’t particularly feel like reading it, skimming through the text or reading an online summary becomes increasingly tempting as the deadline grows nearer. However, if you want to save yourself an embarrassment of writing something hilariously out of place, better read the book. And not just read it, but prepare to write a review as you go along. So, in the course of reading, ask yourself the following questions to focus your thinking: Does the author make his primary idea, point of view, theme evident? Do I agree with it? How can I characterize the author’s style? Is it formal or informal, does it suit the intended audience; if it is a work of fiction, does it change to express the peculiarities of different characters? What is the main focus of the story; who are the main characters? Do I like the way the story is handled? Do I find it realistic or relevant? As you read, you may encounter some paragraphs and entire passages that may be useful later on to prove your point. Don’t rely on your ability to locate them and remember that they exist – mark the corresponding places and make sure to return to them afterwards. Structure of a Book Report In its simplest form book report can be boiled down to a classic five-paragraph essay (introduction, 3 body paragraphs, conclusion). Depending on the academic level and complexity of the task, it may be larger, but the basic parts remain the same: 1. Introduction (supplementary information) Here you put all secondary information about the text in question that may be useful for understanding and evaluating it. Depending on your school’s guidelines, it may be more or less detailed – usually it is enough to mention the writer’s name and the book’s title and genre, but sometimes you may be asked to include publication information: publisher, year and number of pages. In larger assignments it may be necessary to provide some background information: writer and his personality, circumstances of his life, especially those that surrounded the writing and publication of this particular text, society he lived in (if it is relevant to the story), evaluations of the book by other well-known people and so on. Conclude it with your thesis about the book – it should be particularly clear-cut if you are going to make some kind of argument in the analytical part of the essay. 2. Body (summary and, possibly, analysis and evaluation) This section may be different depending on whether your assignment is closer to being a review or a report. In the first case, it will be divided into two parts: summary and analysis/evaluation. In the second case, there will be only summary. We will return to it later. 3. Conclusion (sums up your thoughts and formulates the main idea you’ve got from reading the book) Several sentences summing up and organizing your thoughts. You may emphasize the impression the book left you with, or point out what the writer was especially successful (or unsuccessful) in conveying, or point out what you consider to be the most important thing about it. Summary Irrespectively of whether you are going to go into deep analysis of the text, first you have to summarize it for the sake of the reader. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zgKOguRrRs There is no clear-cut standard according to which a summary should be written. You should take into account a number of factors: Will it be followed by in-depth analysis and evaluation? Who are your audience? Will you try to argue a point that will require backing up with concrete evidence from the book? If your book report is a true book report and you don’t have to express your own opinion and evaluation in addition to basic â€Å"What I liked most about the book†, go on and use most of your available word count to cover the summary. The amount of detail should be evident from the amount of space you are allowed – if you have to cram it into three-four hundred words, you should omit everything except what you consider to be vital. If you are given some elbow space, feel free to add the details. If, however, you are expected to analyze the text, then the summary should be as brief as possible, because analysis takes precedence. Feel free to omit some facts that you will have to bring up in other parts of the review as evidence – in a sense, your summary will be scattered throughout the paper, with facts and details appearing whenever you need to support your argument with the book’s contents. Also, take into account who you are writing the review for. If the book is a part of the course and you may be reasonably sure that both your professor and other students have read it, you may omit most of the summary altogether, only mentioning the facts that are relevant for the point you want to make with your review. If, however, you have chosen the book yourself, then you should make sure even those who encounter it for the first time know what you are talking about. Analysis and Evaluation If this part is at all present, it immediately steals the limelight for itself, which means that you should pay special attention to it. Analysis may be mainly concerned with the literary side of the text – that is, how well it is written and what exactly the author is trying to tell. In this case, you are basically limited to answering the following questions: Source: https://www.thewordfactory.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/5BQ.png As an alternative, your teacher or professor may pose a particular question you should answer and provide support for your opinion based on the book. Finally, sometimes you are not given any direct instructions – your task is to simply analyze the text. In this case, you may consider a number of questions to concentrate your attention on: What was the writer’s purpose in writing this text? Did he achieve it? Is the writing effective, beautiful, difficult to read? How can you characterize it in general? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the book in your opinion? Prove it. What is your general impression of the book? How did it influence you? Did you find it boring, fascinating, moving, thought-provoking or contrived? Why? Would you recommend it to others? Who, in your opinion, can benefit from reading it? Why? If you are dealing with multiple points, make sure to organize the review accordingly: divide it into paragraphs dealing with separate aspects of the book and your argument. If you are dealing with a large and complex text, it may be challenging; however, at the same time it will help you organize your thoughts, systematize your argumentation and present a fuller and more detailed point of view. However, make sure to avoid two practices that are often found tempting by beginners: Excessive use of quotation. You may be attracted by the idea of showing off your knowledge of the book and presenting what you consider to be irrefutable evidence. However, direct quotations are to be avoided unless they are no longer than a couple of words. You may express most of what the author had said in your own words. Comparisons and parallels with other books, either by the same author or other people. They may be useful in some cases, but try to keep them brief – it is a book review you are writing, not a comparative study of the author’s creative work or an entire genre. Conclusion In conclusion you have to restate your initial thesis about the book, this time taking into account all the evidence you’ve presented throughout the review. Or, alternatively, you may make a final evaluation of the book – it depends on the task you were given. However, you should take into account the following points: No new evidence at this point. Conclusion is for summing up, not for continuing your argument – if you have anything else to say that doesn’t fit into the existing body paragraphs, either omit it entirely or devote a separate body paragraph to it. Your conclusion shouldn’t come out of the blue. That is, if your final evaluation of the book is a positive one, you should found it upon positive points covered in the review’s body, and vice versa. If the essay body didn’t lead up to a straightforwardly positive or negative conclusion, you should state whether pros outweigh the cons and why. Some General Considerations These tips may come in handy throughout the process of writing: Try to define the objective of your review early on, while you still read the book, and start finding evidence that proves your point of view as you go along; Keep an eye out for symbolism. Even if the author didn’t intend something to be a symbol, it won’t prevent you from seeing it as such – and symbols are a very useful part of analytical arsenal; Be balanced in your judgment. Try to provide an objective argument and don’t engage in nitpicking. You may have a strongly positive or negative impression about the book, but if you either extol it or find fault with every sentence, the audience may suspect that you are being led by emotions. In general, a book report or review leaves you enough freedom to express your own personality despite putting someone else’s work in the center of attention. Make use of these tips, and there won’t be any problems!